use maud for templating (#8)

Cargo.lock

@@ -743,15 +743,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-segmentation",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "html-escape"
-version = "0.2.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6d1ad449764d627e22bfd7cd5e8868264fc9236e07c752972b4080cd351cb476"
-dependencies = [
- "utf8-width",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "html5ever"
 version = "0.26.0"
@@ -1057,6 +1048,28 @@ version = "0.7.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0e7465ac9959cc2b1404e8e2367b43684a6d13790fe23056cc8c6c5a6b7bcb94"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "maud"
+version = "0.26.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "df518b75016b4289cdddffa1b01f2122f4a49802c93191f3133f6dc2472ebcaa"
+dependencies = [
+ "itoa",
+ "maud_macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "maud_macros"
+version = "0.26.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fa453238ec218da0af6b11fc5978d3b5c3a45ed97b722391a2a11f3306274e18"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro-error",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.52",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
 version = "2.7.1"
@@ -1077,7 +1090,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "eyre",
  "fend-core",
  "futures",
- "html-escape",
+ "maud",
  "numbat",
  "once_cell",
  "rand",
@@ -1434,6 +1447,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "ryu_floating_decimal",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro-error"
+version = "1.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "da25490ff9892aab3fcf7c36f08cfb902dd3e71ca0f9f9517bea02a73a5ce38c"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro-error-attr",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "version_check",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro-error-attr"
+version = "1.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a1be40180e52ecc98ad80b184934baf3d0d29f979574e439af5a55274b35f869"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "version_check",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
 version = "1.0.79"
@@ -2337,12 +2373,6 @@ version = "0.7.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "09cc8ee72d2a9becf2f2febe0205bbed8fc6615b7cb429ad062dc7b7ddd036a9"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "utf8-width"
-version = "0.1.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "86bd8d4e895da8537e5315b8254664e6b769c4ff3db18321b297a1e7004392e3"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "valuable"
 version = "0.1.0"

Cargo.toml

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ chrono-tz = { version = "0.8.6", features = ["case-insensitive"] }
 eyre = "0.6.12"
 fend-core = "1.4.5"
 futures = "0.3.30"
-html-escape = "0.2.13"
+maud = "0.26.0"
 numbat = "1.11.0"
 once_cell = "1.19.0"
 rand = "0.8.5"

README

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ a cute metasearch engine
 
 it sources from google, bing, brave, and a few others.
 
-it's written in rust using no templating engine and with as little client-side
+it's written in rust, using as little client-side javascript as possible.
-javascript as possible.
 
 there's a demo instance at https://s.matdoes.dev, but don't use it as your
 default or rely on it, please (so i don't get ratelimited by google).

src/engines/answer/dictionary.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 use eyre::eyre;
+use maud::{html, PreEscaped};
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use url::Url;
 
@@ -67,18 +68,10 @@ pub fn parse_response(
 
     let word = key_to_title(mediawiki_key);
 
-    let mut html = String::new();
-
     let Some(entries) = res.0.get("en") else {
         return Ok(EngineResponse::new());
     };
 
-    html.push_str(&format!(
-        "<h2 class=\"answer-dictionary-word\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/{mediawiki_key}\">{word}</a></h2>",
-        mediawiki_key = html_escape::encode_safe(mediawiki_key),
-        word = html_escape::encode_safe(&word),
-    ));
-
     let mut cleaner = ammonia::Builder::default();
     cleaner
         .link_rel(None)
@@ -86,11 +79,28 @@ pub fn parse_response(
             Url::parse("https://en.wiktionary.org").unwrap(),
         ));
 
+    let mut html = String::new();
+
+    html.push_str(
+        &html! {
+            h2."answer-dictionary-word" {
+                a href={ "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" (mediawiki_key) } {
+                    (word)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        .into_string(),
+    );
+
     for entry in entries {
-        html.push_str(&format!(
+        html.push_str(
-            "<span class=\"answer-dictionary-part-of-speech\">{part_of_speech}</span>",
+            &html! {
-            part_of_speech = html_escape::encode_safe(&entry.part_of_speech.to_lowercase())
+                span."answer-dictionary-part-of-speech" {
-        ));
+                    (entry.part_of_speech.to_lowercase())
+                }
+            }
+            .into_string(),
+        );
 
         html.push_str("<ol>");
         let mut previous_definitions = Vec::<String>::new();
@@ -113,12 +123,19 @@ pub fn parse_response(
                 .clean(&definition.definition.replace('“', "\""))
                 .to_string();
 
-            html.push_str(&format!("<p>{definition_html}</p>"));
+            html.push_str(&html! { p { (PreEscaped(definition_html)) } }.into_string());
 
             if !definition.examples.is_empty() {
                 for example in &definition.examples {
                     let example_html = cleaner.clean(example).to_string();
-                    html.push_str(&format!("<blockquote class=\"answer-dictionary-example\">{example_html}</blockquote>"));
+                    html.push_str(
+                        &html! {
+                            blockquote."answer-dictionary-example" {
+                                (PreEscaped(example_html))
+                            }
+                        }
+                        .into_string(),
+                    );
                 }
             }
             html.push_str("</li>");
@@ -126,7 +143,7 @@ pub fn parse_response(
         html.push_str("</ol>");
     }
 
-    Ok(EngineResponse::answer_html(html))
+    Ok(EngineResponse::answer_html(PreEscaped(html)))
 }
 
 fn key_to_title(key: &str) -> String {

src/engines/answer/fend.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::cell::Cell;
 
 use fend_core::SpanKind;
+use maud::{html, PreEscaped};
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 
 use crate::engines::EngineResponse;
@@ -10,15 +11,14 @@ use super::regex;
 pub fn request(query: &str) -> EngineResponse {
     let query = clean_query(query);
 
-    let Some(result_html) = evaluate(&query, true) else {
+    let Some(result_html) = evaluate_to_html(&query, true) else {
         return EngineResponse::new();
     };
 
-    EngineResponse::answer_html(format!(
+    EngineResponse::answer_html(html! {
-        r#"<p class="answer-query">{query} =</p>
+        p."answer-query" { (query) " =" }
-<h3><b>{result_html}</b></h3>"#,
+        h3 { b { (result_html) } }
-        query = html_escape::encode_safe(&query),
+    })
-    ))
 }
 
 pub fn request_autocomplete(query: &str) -> Vec<String> {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub fn request_autocomplete(query: &str) -> Vec<String> {
 
     let query = clean_query(query);
 
-    if let Some(result) = evaluate(&query, false) {
+    if let Some(result) = evaluate_to_plaintext(&query, false) {
         results.push(format!("= {result}"));
     }
 
@@ -43,20 +43,24 @@ pub struct Span {
     pub kind: SpanKind,
 }
 
-fn evaluate(query: &str, html: bool) -> Option<String> {
+fn evaluate_to_plaintext(query: &str, html: bool) -> Option<String> {
     let spans = evaluate_into_spans(query, html);
-
     if spans.is_empty() {
         return None;
     }
 
-    if !html {
     return Some(
         spans
             .iter()
             .map(|span| span.text.clone())
             .collect::<String>(),
     );
+}
+
+fn evaluate_to_html(query: &str, html: bool) -> Option<PreEscaped<String>> {
+    let spans = evaluate_into_spans(query, html);
+    if spans.is_empty() {
+        return None;
     }
 
     let mut result_html = String::new();
@@ -69,12 +73,16 @@ fn evaluate(query: &str, html: bool) -> Option<String> {
             _ => "",
         };
         if class.is_empty() {
-            result_html.push_str(&html_escape::encode_safe(&span.text));
+            result_html.push_str(&html! { (span.text) }.into_string());
         } else {
-            result_html.push_str(&format!(
+            result_html.push_str(
-                r#"<span class="{class}">{text}</span>"#,
+                &html! {
-                text = html_escape::encode_safe(&span.text)
+                    span.(class) {
-            ));
+                        (span.text)
+                    }
+                }
+                .into_string(),
+            );
         }
     }
 
@@ -86,11 +94,16 @@ fn evaluate(query: &str, html: bool) -> Option<String> {
     {
         let hex = spans[0].text.trim_start_matches("0x");
         if let Ok(num) = u64::from_str_radix(hex, 16) {
-            result_html.push_str(&format!(r#" <span class="answer-comment">= {num}</span>"#));
+            result_html.push_str(
+                &html! {
+                    span."answer-comment" { " = " (num) }
+                }
+                .into_string(),
+            );
         }
     }
 
-    Some(result_html)
+    Some(PreEscaped(result_html))
 }
 
 pub static FEND_CONTEXT: Lazy<fend_core::Context> = Lazy::new(|| {

src/engines/answer/ip.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use maud::html;
+
 use crate::engines::{EngineResponse, SearchQuery};
 
 use super::regex;
@@ -9,8 +11,7 @@ pub fn request(query: &SearchQuery) -> EngineResponse {
 
     let ip = &query.ip;
 
-    EngineResponse::answer_html(format!(
+    EngineResponse::answer_html(html! {
-        r#"<h3><b>{ip}</b></h3>"#,
+        h3 { b { (ip) } }
-        ip = html_escape::encode_safe(ip)
+    })
-    ))
 }

src/engines/answer/notepad.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use maud::html;
+
 use crate::engines::{EngineResponse, SearchQuery};
 
 use super::regex;
@@ -10,5 +12,7 @@ pub fn request(query: &SearchQuery) -> EngineResponse {
     // This allows pasting styles which is undesired behavior, and the
     // `contenteditable="plaintext-only"` attribute currently only works on Chrome.
     // This should be updated when the attribute becomes available in more browsers
-    EngineResponse::answer_html(r#"<div contenteditable class="answer-notepad"></div>"#.to_string())
+    EngineResponse::answer_html(html! {
+        div."answer-notepad" contenteditable="plaintext-only" {}
+    })
 }

src/engines/answer/numbat.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
 use fend_core::SpanKind;
+use maud::{html, PreEscaped};
 use numbat::{
     markup::{FormatType, FormattedString, Markup},
     pretty_print::PrettyPrint,
@@ -23,10 +24,10 @@ pub fn request(query: &str) -> EngineResponse {
         return EngineResponse::new();
     };
 
-    EngineResponse::answer_html(format!(
+    EngineResponse::answer_html(html! {
-        r#"<p class="answer-query">{query_html} =</p>
+        p."answer-query" { (query_html) " =" }
-<h3><b>{result_html}</b></h3>"#
+        h3 { b { (result_html) } }
-    ))
+    })
 }
 
 pub fn request_autocomplete(query: &str) -> Vec<String> {
@@ -119,8 +120,8 @@ fn evaluate_for_autocomplete(query: &str) -> Option<String> {
 }
 
 pub struct NumbatResponse {
-    pub query_html: String,
+    pub query_html: PreEscaped<String>,
-    pub result_html: String,
+    pub result_html: PreEscaped<String>,
 }
 
 fn evaluate(query: &str) -> Option<NumbatResponse> {
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ fn fix_markup(markup: Markup) -> Markup {
     Markup(reordered_markup)
 }
 
-fn markup_to_html(markup: Markup) -> String {
+fn markup_to_html(markup: Markup) -> PreEscaped<String> {
     let mut html = String::new();
     for FormattedString(_, format_type, content) in markup.0 {
         let class = match format_type {
@@ -165,15 +166,17 @@ fn markup_to_html(markup: Markup) -> String {
             _ => "",
         };
         if class.is_empty() {
-            html.push_str(&html_escape::encode_safe(&content));
+            html.push_str(&html! {(content)}.into_string());
         } else {
-            html.push_str(&format!(
+            html.push_str(
-                r#"<span class="{class}">{content}</span>"#,
+                &html! {
-                content = html_escape::encode_safe(&content)
+                    span.(class) { (content) }
-            ));
+                }
+                .into_string(),
+            );
         }
     }
-    html
+    PreEscaped(html)
 }
 
 pub static NUMBAT_CTX: Lazy<numbat::Context> = Lazy::new(|| {

src/engines/answer/thesaurus.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use eyre::eyre;
+use maud::{html, PreEscaped};
 use scraper::{Html, Selector};
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use tracing::error;
@@ -149,23 +150,24 @@ fn parse_thesaurus_com_item(
     })
 }
 
-fn render_thesaurus_html(ThesaurusResponse { word, items }: ThesaurusResponse) -> String {
+fn render_thesaurus_html(
-    let mut html = String::new();
+    ThesaurusResponse { word, items }: ThesaurusResponse,
-
+) -> PreEscaped<String> {
-    html.push_str(&format!(
+    html! {
-        "<h2 class=\"answer-thesaurus-word\"><a href=\"https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/{word}\">{word}</a></h2>",
+        h2."answer-thesaurus-word" {
-        word = html_escape::encode_safe(&word)
+            a href={ "https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/" (word) } {
-    ));
+                (word)
-
+            }
-    html.push_str("<div class=\"answer-thesaurus-items\">");
+        }
-    for item in items {
+        div."answer-thesaurus-items" {
-        html.push_str("<div class=\"answer-thesaurus-item\">");
+            @for item in items {
-        html.push_str(&render_thesaurus_item_html(item));
+                div."answer-thesaurus-item" {
-        html.push_str("</div>");
+                    (render_thesaurus_item_html(item))
+                }
+            }
         }
-    html.push_str("</div>");
 
-    html
+    }
 }
 
 fn render_thesaurus_item_html(
@@ -176,53 +178,46 @@ fn render_thesaurus_item_html(
         strong_matches,
         weak_matches,
     }: ThesaurusItem,
-) -> String {
+) -> PreEscaped<String> {
     let mut html = String::new();
 
-    html.push_str(&format!(
+    html.push_str(
-        "<span class=\"answer-thesaurus-word-description\"><span class=\"answer-thesaurus-part-of-speech\">{part_of_speech}</span>, as in <span class=\"answer-thesaurus-as-in\">{as_in}</span></span>",
+        &html! {
-        part_of_speech = html_escape::encode_safe(&part_of_speech.to_lowercase()),
+            span."answer-thesaurus-word-description" {
-        as_in = html_escape::encode_safe(&as_in)
+                span."answer-thesaurus-part-of-speech" { (part_of_speech.to_lowercase()) }
-    ));
+                ", as in "
+                span."answer-thesaurus-as-in" { (as_in) }
+            }
+        }
+        .into_string(),
+    );
 
     let render_matches = |matches: Vec<String>, strength: &str| {
         if matches.is_empty() {
-            return String::new();
+            return PreEscaped::default();
         }
 
-        let mut html = String::new();
+        html! {
-
+            div.{ "answer-thesaurus-" (strength.to_lowercase().replace(' ', "-")) } {
-        html.push_str(&format!(
+                h3."answer-thesaurus-category-title" {
-            "<div class=\"answer-thesaurus-{strength_id}\">",
+                    (strength)
-            strength_id = html_escape::encode_safe(&strength.to_lowercase().replace(' ', "-"))
+                    " "
-        ));
+                    (if matches.len() == 1 { "match" } else { "matches" })
-
+                }
-        html.push_str(&format!(
+                ul."answer-thesaurus-list" {
-            "<h3 class=\"answer-thesaurus-category-title\">{strength} {match_or_matches}</h3>",
+                    @for synonym in matches {
-            strength = html_escape::encode_safe(&strength),
+                        li {
-            match_or_matches = if matches.len() == 1 {
+                            a href={ "https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/" (synonym) } { (synonym) }
-                "match"
+                        }
-            } else {
+                    }
-                "matches"
+                }
             }
-        ));
-        html.push_str("<ul class=\"answer-thesaurus-list\">");
-        for synonym in matches {
-            html.push_str(&format!(
-                "<li><a href=\"https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/{synonym}\">{synonym}</a></li>",
-                synonym = html_escape::encode_safe(&synonym)
-            ));
         }
-        html.push_str("</ul>");
-
-        html.push_str("</div>");
-
-        html
     };
 
-    html.push_str(&render_matches(strongest_matches, "Strongest"));
+    html.push_str(&render_matches(strongest_matches, "Strongest").into_string());
-    html.push_str(&render_matches(strong_matches, "Strong"));
+    html.push_str(&render_matches(strong_matches, "Strong").into_string());
-    html.push_str(&render_matches(weak_matches, "Weak"));
+    html.push_str(&render_matches(weak_matches, "Weak").into_string());
 
-    html
+    PreEscaped(html)
 }

src/engines/answer/timezone.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use chrono::{DateTime, TimeZone};
 use chrono_tz::{OffsetComponents, Tz};
+use maud::html;
 
 use crate::engines::EngineResponse;
 
@@ -8,13 +9,15 @@ use super::regex;
 pub fn request(query: &str) -> EngineResponse {
     match evaluate(query) {
         None => EngineResponse::new(),
-        Some(TimeResponse::Current { time, timezone }) => EngineResponse::answer_html(format!(
+        Some(TimeResponse::Current { time, timezone }) => EngineResponse::answer_html(html! {
-            r#"<p class="answer-query">Current time in {timezone}</p>
+            p."answer-query" { "Current time in " (timezone_to_string(timezone)) }
-<h3><b>{time}</b> <span class="answer-comment">({date})</span></h3>"#,
+            h3 {
-            time = html_escape::encode_safe(&time.format("%-I:%M %P").to_string()),
+                b { (time.format("%-I:%M %P")) }
-            date = html_escape::encode_safe(&time.format("%B %-d").to_string()),
+                span."answer-comment" {
-            timezone = html_escape::encode_safe(&timezone_to_string(timezone)),
+                    "(" (time.format("%B %-d")) ")"
-        )),
+                }
+            }
+        }),
         Some(TimeResponse::Conversion {
             source_timezone,
             target_timezone,
@@ -22,22 +25,31 @@ pub fn request(query: &str) -> EngineResponse {
             target_time,
             source_offset,
             target_offset,
-        }) => EngineResponse::answer_html(format!(
+        }) => {
-            r#"<p class="answer-query">{source_time} {source_timezone} to {target_timezone}</p>
-<h3><b>{target_time}</b> <span class="answer-comment">{target_timezone} ({delta})</span></h3>"#,
-            source_time = html_escape::encode_safe(&source_time.format("%-I:%M %P").to_string()),
-            target_time = html_escape::encode_safe(&target_time.format("%-I:%M %P").to_string()),
-            source_timezone = html_escape::encode_safe(&timezone_to_string(source_timezone)),
-            target_timezone = html_escape::encode_safe(&timezone_to_string(target_timezone)),
-            delta = html_escape::encode_safe(&{
             let delta_minutes = (target_offset - source_offset).num_minutes();
-                if delta_minutes % 60 == 0 {
+            let delta = if delta_minutes % 60 == 0 {
                 format!("{:+}", delta_minutes / 60)
             } else {
                 format!("{:+}:{}", delta_minutes / 60, delta_minutes % 60)
+            };
+
+            EngineResponse::answer_html(html! {
+                p."answer-query" {
+                    (source_time.format("%-I:%M %P"))
+                    " "
+                    (timezone_to_string(source_timezone))
+                    " to "
+                    (timezone_to_string(target_timezone))
+                }
+                h3 {
+                    b { (target_time.format("%-I:%M %P")) }
+                    " "
+                    span."answer-comment" {
+                        (timezone_to_string(target_timezone)) " (" (delta) ")"
+                    }
                 }
             })
-        )),
+        }
     }
 }
 

src/engines/answer/useragent.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use maud::html;
+
 use crate::engines::{EngineResponse, SearchQuery};
 
 use super::regex;
@@ -12,11 +14,10 @@ pub fn request(query: &SearchQuery) -> EngineResponse {
     let user_agent = query.request_headers.get("user-agent");
 
     EngineResponse::answer_html(if let Some(user_agent) = user_agent {
-        format!(
+        html! {
-            "<h3><b>{user_agent}</b></h3>",
+            h3 { b { (user_agent) } }
-            user_agent = html_escape::encode_safe(user_agent)
+        }
-        )
     } else {
-        "You don't have a user agent".to_string()
+        html! { "You don't have a user agent" }
     })
 }

src/engines/answer/wikipedia.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
+use maud::html;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use url::Url;
 
@@ -89,10 +90,10 @@ pub fn parse_response(body: &str) -> eyre::Result<EngineResponse> {
     let page_title = title.replace(' ', "_");
     let page_url = format!("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{page_title}");
 
-    Ok(EngineResponse::infobox_html(format!(
+    Ok(EngineResponse::infobox_html(html! {
-        r#"<a href="{page_url}"><h2>{title}</h2></a><p>{extract}</p>"#,
+        a href=(page_url) {
-        page_url = html_escape::encode_quoted_attribute(&page_url),
+            h2 { (title) }
-        title = html_escape::encode_safe(title),
+        }
-        extract = html_escape::encode_safe(&extract),
+        p { (extract) }
-    )))
+    }))
 }

src/engines/macros.rs

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ macro_rules! engine_postsearch_requests {
             }
 
             #[must_use]
-            pub fn postsearch_parse_response(&self, res: &HttpResponse) -> Option<String> {
+            pub fn postsearch_parse_response(&self, res: &HttpResponse) -> Option<maud::PreEscaped<String>> {
                 match self {
                     $(
                         Engine::$engine => $crate::engine_parse_response! { res, $module::$engine_id::$parse_response }?,

src/engines/mod.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use futures::future::join_all;
+use maud::PreEscaped;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use reqwest::header::HeaderMap;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer};
@@ -189,8 +190,8 @@ pub struct EngineFeaturedSnippet {
 pub struct EngineResponse {
     pub search_results: Vec<EngineSearchResult>,
     pub featured_snippet: Option<EngineFeaturedSnippet>,
-    pub answer_html: Option<String>,
+    pub answer_html: Option<PreEscaped<String>>,
-    pub infobox_html: Option<String>,
+    pub infobox_html: Option<PreEscaped<String>>,
 }
 
 impl EngineResponse {
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ impl EngineResponse {
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn answer_html(html: String) -> Self {
+    pub fn answer_html(html: PreEscaped<String>) -> Self {
         Self {
             answer_html: Some(html),
             ..Default::default()
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ impl EngineResponse {
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn infobox_html(html: String) -> Self {
+    pub fn infobox_html(html: PreEscaped<String>) -> Self {
         Self {
             infobox_html: Some(html),
             ..Default::default()
@@ -497,13 +498,13 @@ pub struct FeaturedSnippet {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Answer {
-    pub html: String,
+    pub html: PreEscaped<String>,
     pub engine: Engine,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Infobox {
-    pub html: String,
+    pub html: PreEscaped<String>,
     pub engine: Engine,
 }
 

src/engines/postsearch/docs_rs.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use maud::{html, PreEscaped};
 use scraper::{Html, Selector};
 
 use crate::engines::{HttpResponse, Response, CLIENT};
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ pub fn request(response: &Response) -> Option<reqwest::RequestBuilder> {
     None
 }
 
-pub fn parse_response(HttpResponse { res, body, .. }: &HttpResponse) -> Option<String> {
+pub fn parse_response(HttpResponse { res, body, .. }: &HttpResponse) -> Option<PreEscaped<String>> {
     let url = res.url().clone();
 
     let dom = Html::parse_document(body);
@@ -53,22 +54,21 @@ pub fn parse_response(HttpResponse { res, body, .. }: &HttpResponse) -> Option<S
 
     let (category, title) = page_title.split_once(' ').unwrap_or(("", &page_title));
 
-    let title_html = if category == "Crate" {
+    let title_html = html! {
-        format!(
+        h2 {
-            r#"<h2>{category} <a href="{url}">{title}</a> <span class="infobox-docs_rs-version">{version}</span></h2>"#,
+            (category)
-            url = html_escape::encode_quoted_attribute(&url.to_string()),
+            " "
-            title = html_escape::encode_safe(&title),
+            a href=(url) { (title) }
-            version = html_escape::encode_safe(&version),
+            @if category == "Crate" {
-        )
+                span."infobox-docs_rs-version" { (version) }
-    } else {
+            }
-        format!(
+        }
-            r#"<h2>{category} <a href="{url}">{title}</a></h2>"#,
-            url = html_escape::encode_quoted_attribute(&url.to_string()),
-            title = html_escape::encode_safe(&title),
-        )
     };
 
-    Some(format!(
+    Some(html! {
-        r#"{title_html}<div class="infobox-docs.rs-doc">{doc_html}</div>"#
+        (title_html)
-    ))
+        div."infobox-docs_rs-doc" {
+            (PreEscaped(doc_html))
+        }
+    })
 }

src/engines/postsearch/github.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use maud::{html, PreEscaped};
 use scraper::{Html, Selector};
 use url::Url;
 
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ pub fn request(response: &Response) -> Option<reqwest::RequestBuilder> {
     None
 }
 
-pub fn parse_response(body: &str) -> Option<String> {
+pub fn parse_response(body: &str) -> Option<PreEscaped<String>> {
     let dom = Html::parse_document(body);
 
     let url_relative = dom
@@ -68,10 +69,12 @@ pub fn parse_response(body: &str) -> Option<String> {
         .collect::<String>()
     };
 
-    Some(format!(
+    Some(html! {
-        r#"<a href="{url}"><h1>{title}</h1></a>
+        a href=(url) {
-<div class="infobox-github-readme">{readme_html}</div>"#,
+            h1 { (title) }
-        url = html_escape::encode_quoted_attribute(&url),
+        }
-        title = html_escape::encode_safe(&title),
+        div."infobox-github-readme" {
-    ))
+            (PreEscaped(readme_html))
+        }
+    })
 }

src/engines/postsearch/mdn.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use maud::{html, PreEscaped};
 use scraper::{Html, Selector};
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use tracing::error;
@@ -22,7 +23,9 @@ pub fn request(response: &Response) -> Option<reqwest::RequestBuilder> {
     None
 }
 
-pub fn parse_response(HttpResponse { res, body, config }: &HttpResponse) -> Option<String> {
+pub fn parse_response(
+    HttpResponse { res, body, config }: &HttpResponse,
+) -> Option<PreEscaped<String>> {
     let config_toml = config.engines.get(Engine::Mdn).extra.clone();
     let config: MdnConfig = match toml::Value::Table(config_toml).try_into() {
         Ok(args) => args,
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ pub fn parse_response(HttpResponse { res, body, config }: &HttpResponse) -> Opti
         .map(|doc| doc.inner_html())
         .take(max_sections)
         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-        .join("<br />");
+        .join("<br>");
 
     let doc_html = ammonia::Builder::default()
         .link_rel(None)
@@ -65,13 +68,16 @@ pub fn parse_response(HttpResponse { res, body, config }: &HttpResponse) -> Opti
         .clean(&doc_html)
         .to_string();
 
-    let title_html = format!(
+    let title_html = html! {
-        r#"<h2><a href="{url}">{title}</a></h2>"#,
+        h2 {
-        url = html_escape::encode_quoted_attribute(&url.to_string()),
+            a href=(url) { (page_title) }
-        title = html_escape::encode_safe(&page_title),
+        }
-    );
+    };
 
-    Some(format!(
+    Some(html! {
-        r#"{title_html}<div class="infobox-mdn-article">{doc_html}</div>"#
+        (title_html)
-    ))
+        div."infobox-mdn-article" {
+            (PreEscaped(doc_html))
+        }
+    })
 }

src/engines/postsearch/minecraft_wiki.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use maud::{html, PreEscaped};
 use scraper::{Html, Selector};
 
 use crate::engines::{HttpResponse, Response, CLIENT};
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ pub fn request(response: &Response) -> Option<reqwest::RequestBuilder> {
     None
 }
 
-pub fn parse_response(HttpResponse { res, body, .. }: &HttpResponse) -> Option<String> {
+pub fn parse_response(HttpResponse { res, body, .. }: &HttpResponse) -> Option<PreEscaped<String>> {
     let url = res.url().clone();
 
     let dom = Html::parse_document(body);
@@ -41,13 +42,16 @@ pub fn parse_response(HttpResponse { res, body, .. }: &HttpResponse) -> Option<S
         .clean(&doc_html)
         .to_string();
 
-    let title_html = format!(
+    let title_html = html! {
-        r#"<h2><a href="{url}">{title}</a></h2>"#,
+        h2 {
-        url = html_escape::encode_quoted_attribute(&url.to_string()),
+            a href=(url) { (page_title) }
-        title = html_escape::encode_safe(&page_title),
+        }
-    );
+    };
 
-    Some(format!(
+    Some(html! {
-        r#"{title_html}<div class="infobox-minecraft_wiki-article">{doc_html}</div>"#
+        (title_html)
-    ))
+        div."infobox-minecraft_wiki-article" {
+            (PreEscaped(doc_html))
+        }
+    })
 }

src/engines/postsearch/stackexchange.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use maud::{html, PreEscaped};
 use scraper::{Html, Selector};
 use url::Url;
 
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ pub fn request(response: &Response) -> Option<reqwest::RequestBuilder> {
     None
 }
 
-pub fn parse_response(body: &str) -> Option<String> {
+pub fn parse_response(body: &str) -> Option<PreEscaped<String>> {
     let dom = Html::parse_document(body);
 
     let title = dom
@@ -55,10 +56,12 @@ pub fn parse_response(body: &str) -> Option<String> {
 
     let url = format!("{url}#{answer_id}");
 
-    Some(format!(
+    Some(html! {
-        r#"<a href="{url}"><h2>{title}</h2></a>
+        a href=(url) {
-<div class="infobox-stackexchange-answer">{answer_html}</div>"#,
+            h2 { (title) }
-        url = html_escape::encode_quoted_attribute(&url.to_string()),
+        }
-        title = html_escape::encode_safe(&title),
+        div."infobox-stackexchange-answer" {
-    ))
+            (PreEscaped(answer_html))
+        }
+    })
 }

src/web/assets/index.html

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-<!-- source code: https://github.com/mat-1/metasearch2 -->
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-    <title>metasearch</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css" />
-    <script src="/script.js" defer></script>
-    <link
-      rel="search"
-      type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
-      title="metasearch"
-      href="/opensearch.xml"
-    />
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <div class="main-container">
-      <h1>metasearch</h1>
-      <form action="/search" method="get" class="search-form">
-        <input
-          type="text"
-          name="q"
-          placeholder="Search"
-          id="search-input"
-          autofocus
-          onfocus="this.select()"
-          autocomplete="off"
-        />
-        <input type="submit" value="Search" />
-      </form>
-    </div>
-    %version-info%
-  </body>
-</html>

src/web/index.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use axum::{extract::State, http::header, response::IntoResponse};
+use maud::{html, PreEscaped, DOCTYPE};
+
+use crate::config::Config;
+
+const BASE_COMMIT_URL: &str = "https://github.com/mat-1/metasearch2/commit/";
+const VERSION: &str = std::env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+const COMMIT_HASH: &str = std::env!("GIT_HASH");
+const COMMIT_HASH_SHORT: &str = std::env!("GIT_HASH_SHORT");
+
+pub async fn index(State(config): State<Arc<Config>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    let mut html = String::new();
+    html.push_str(
+        &html! {
+            (PreEscaped("<!-- source code: https://github.com/mat-1/metasearch2 -->\n"))
+            (DOCTYPE)
+            html lang="en" {
+                head {
+                    meta charset="UTF-8";
+                    meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0";
+                    title { "metasearch" }
+                    link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css";
+                    script src="/script.js" defer {}
+                    link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="metasearch" href="/opensearch.xml";
+                }
+                body {
+                    div."main-container" {
+                        h1 { "metasearch" }
+                        form."search-form" action="/search" method="get" {
+                            input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search" id="search-input" autofocus onfocus="this.select()" autocomplete="off";
+                            input type="submit" value="Search";
+                        }
+                    }
+                    @if config.version_info.unwrap() {
+                        span."version-info" {
+                            @if COMMIT_HASH == "unknown" || COMMIT_HASH_SHORT == "unknown" {
+                                "Version "
+                                (VERSION)
+                            } else {
+                                "Version "
+                                (VERSION)
+                                " ("
+                                a href=(format!("{BASE_COMMIT_URL}{COMMIT_HASH}")) { (COMMIT_HASH_SHORT) }
+                                ")"
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            
+            }
+        }
+        .into_string(),
+    );
+
+    ([(header::CONTENT_TYPE, "text/html; charset=utf-8")], html)
+}

src/web/mod.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 pub mod autocomplete;
+pub mod index;
 pub mod opensearch;
 pub mod search;
 
@@ -9,36 +10,11 @@ use tracing::info;
 
 use crate::config::Config;
 
-const BASE_COMMIT_URL: &str = "https://github.com/mat-1/metasearch2/commit/";
-const VERSION: &str = std::env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
-const COMMIT_HASH: &str = std::env!("GIT_HASH");
-const COMMIT_HASH_SHORT: &str = std::env!("GIT_HASH_SHORT");
-
 pub async fn run(config: Config) {
     let bind_addr = config.bind;
 
-    let version_info = if config.version_info.unwrap() {
-        if COMMIT_HASH == "unknown" || COMMIT_HASH_SHORT == "unknown" {
-            format!(r#"<span class="version-info">Version {VERSION} (unknown commit)</span>"#)
-        } else {
-            format!(
-                r#"<span class="version-info">Version {VERSION} (<a href="{BASE_COMMIT_URL}{COMMIT_HASH}">{COMMIT_HASH_SHORT}</a>)</span>"#
-            )
-        }
-    } else {
-        String::new()
-    };
-
     let app = Router::new()
-        .route(
+        .route("/", get(index::index))
-            "/",
-            get(|| async move {
-                (
-                    [(header::CONTENT_TYPE, "text/html; charset=utf-8")],
-                    include_str!("assets/index.html").replace("%version-info%", &version_info),
-                )
-            }),
-        )
         .route(
             "/style.css",
             get(|| async {

src/web/search.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use axum::{
     response::IntoResponse,
 };
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use html_escape::{encode_text, encode_unquoted_attribute};
+use maud::{html, PreEscaped};
 
 use crate::{
     config::Config,
@@ -16,28 +16,36 @@ use crate::{
 };
 
 fn render_beginning_of_html(query: &str) -> String {
+    let head_html = html! {
+        head {
+            meta charset="UTF-8";
+            meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0";
+            title {
+                (query)
+                " - metasearch"
+            }
+            link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css";
+            script src="/script.js" defer {}
+            link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="metasearch" href="/opensearch.xml";
+        }
+    }.into_string();
+    let form_html = html! {
+        form."search-form" action="/search" method="get" {
+            input #"search-input"  type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search" value=(query) autofocus onfocus="this.select()" autocomplete="off";
+            input type="submit" value="Search";
+        }
+    }.into_string();
+
     format!(
         r#"<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html lang="en">
-<head>
+{head_html}
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>{} - metasearch</title>
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css">
-    <script src="/script.js" defer></script>
-    <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="metasearch" href="/opensearch.xml"/>
-</head>
 <body>
     <div class="results-container">
     <main>
-    <form action="/search" method="get" class="search-form">
+    {form_html}
-        <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search" value="{}" id="search-input" autofocus onfocus="this.select()" autocomplete="off">
-        <input type="submit" value="Search">
-    </form>
     <div class="progress-updates">
-"#,
+"#
-        encode_text(query),
-        encode_unquoted_attribute(query)
     )
 }
 
@@ -45,7 +53,7 @@ fn render_end_of_html() -> String {
     r"</main></div></body></html>".to_string()
 }
 
-fn render_engine_list(engines: &[engines::Engine], config: &Config) -> String {
+fn render_engine_list(engines: &[engines::Engine], config: &Config) -> PreEscaped<String> {
     let mut html = String::new();
     let mut first_iter = true;
     for engine in engines {
@@ -59,85 +67,92 @@ fn render_engine_list(engines: &[engines::Engine], config: &Config) -> String {
         } else {
             raw_engine_id.to_string()
         };
-        html.push_str(&format!(
+        html.push_str(
-            r#"<span class="engine-list-item">{engine}</span>"#,
+            &html! {
-            engine = encode_text(&engine_id)
+                span."engine-list-item" {
-        ));
+                    (engine_id)
                 }
-    format!(r#"<div class="engine-list">{html}</div>"#)
+            }
-}
+            .into_string(),
-
-fn render_search_result(result: &engines::SearchResult, config: &Config) -> String {
-    format!(
-        r#"<div class="search-result">
-    <a class="search-result-anchor" rel="noreferrer" href="{url_attr}">
-        <span class="search-result-url">{url}</span>
-        <h3 class="search-result-title">{title}</h3>
-    </a>
-    <p class="search-result-description">{desc}</p>
-    {engines_html}
-    </div>
-"#,
-        url_attr = encode_unquoted_attribute(&result.url),
-        url = encode_text(&result.url),
-        title = encode_text(&result.title),
-        desc = encode_text(&result.description),
-        engines_html =
-            render_engine_list(&result.engines.iter().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), config)
         )
+    }
+    html! {
+        div."engine-list" {
+            (PreEscaped(html))
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-fn render_featured_snippet(featured_snippet: &engines::FeaturedSnippet, config: &Config) -> String {
+fn render_search_result(result: &engines::SearchResult, config: &Config) -> PreEscaped<String> {
-    format!(
+    html! {
-        r#"<div class="featured-snippet">
+        div."search-result" {
-    <p class="search-result-description">{desc}</p>
+            a."search-result-anchor" rel="noreferrer" href=(result.url) {
-    <a class="search-result-anchor" rel="noreferrer" href="{url_attr}">
+                span."search-result-url" { (result.url) }
-        <span class="search-result-url">{url}</span>
+                h3."search-result-title" { (result.title) }
-        <h3 class="search-result-title">{title}</h3>
+            }
-    </a>
+            p."search-result-description" { (result.description) }
-    {engines_html}
+            (render_engine_list(&result.engines.iter().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), config))
-    </div>
+        }
-"#,
+    }
-        desc = encode_text(&featured_snippet.description),
-        url_attr = encode_unquoted_attribute(&featured_snippet.url),
-        url = encode_text(&featured_snippet.url),
-        title = encode_text(&featured_snippet.title),
-        engines_html = render_engine_list(&[featured_snippet.engine], config)
-    )
 }
 
-fn render_results(response: Response) -> String {
+fn render_featured_snippet(
+    featured_snippet: &engines::FeaturedSnippet,
+    config: &Config,
+) -> PreEscaped<String> {
+    html! {
+        div."featured-snippet" {
+            p."search-result-description" { (featured_snippet.description) }
+            a."search-result-anchor" rel="noreferrer" href=(featured_snippet.url) {
+                span."search-result-url" { (featured_snippet.url) }
+                h3."search-result-title" { (featured_snippet.title) }
+            }
+            (render_engine_list(&[featured_snippet.engine], config))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn render_results(response: Response) -> PreEscaped<String> {
     let mut html = String::new();
     if let Some(infobox) = &response.infobox {
-        html.push_str(&format!(
+        html.push_str(
-            r#"<div class="infobox">{infobox_html}{engines_html}</div>"#,
+            &html! {
-            infobox_html = &infobox.html,
+                div."infobox" {
-            engines_html = render_engine_list(&[infobox.engine], &response.config)
+                    (infobox.html)
-        ));
+                    (render_engine_list(&[infobox.engine], &response.config))
+                }
+            }
+            .into_string(),
+        );
     }
     if let Some(answer) = &response.answer {
-        html.push_str(&format!(
+        html.push_str(
-            r#"<div class="answer">{answer_html}{engines_html}</div>"#,
+            &html! {
-            answer_html = &answer.html,
+                div."answer" {
-            engines_html = render_engine_list(&[answer.engine], &response.config)
+                    (answer.html)
-        ));
+                    (render_engine_list(&[answer.engine], &response.config))
+                }
+            }
+            .into_string(),
+        );
     }
     if let Some(featured_snippet) = &response.featured_snippet {
-        html.push_str(&render_featured_snippet(featured_snippet, &response.config));
+        html.push_str(&render_featured_snippet(featured_snippet, &response.config).into_string());
     }
     for result in &response.search_results {
-        html.push_str(&render_search_result(result, &response.config));
+        html.push_str(&render_search_result(result, &response.config).into_string());
     }
 
-    if response.infobox.is_none()
+    if html.is_empty() {
-        && response.answer.is_none()
+        html.push_str(
-        && response.featured_snippet.is_none()
+            &html! {
-        && response.search_results.is_empty()
+                p { "No results." }
-    {
+            }
-        html.push_str(r#"<p>No results.</p>"#);
+            .into_string(),
+        );
     }
 
-    html
+    PreEscaped(html)
 }
 
 fn render_engine_progress_update(
@@ -149,10 +164,22 @@ fn render_engine_progress_update(
         EngineProgressUpdate::Requesting => "requesting",
         EngineProgressUpdate::Downloading => "downloading",
         EngineProgressUpdate::Parsing => "parsing",
-        EngineProgressUpdate::Done => "<span class=\"progress-update-done\">done</span>",
+        EngineProgressUpdate::Done => {
+            &{ html! { span."progress-update-done" { "done" } }.into_string() }
+        }
     };
 
-    format!(r#"<span class="progress-update-time">{time_ms:>4}ms</span> {engine} {message}"#)
+    html! {
+        span."progress-update-time" {
+            (format!("{time_ms:>4}"))
+            "ms"
+        }
+        " "
+        (engine)
+        " "
+        (PreEscaped(message))
+    }
+    .into_string()
 }
 
 pub async fn route(
@@ -235,24 +262,27 @@ pub async fn route(
 
                     second_part.push_str("</div>"); // close progress-updates
                     second_part.push_str("<style>.progress-updates{display:none}</style>");
-                    second_part.push_str(&render_results(results));
+                    second_part.push_str(&render_results(results).into_string());
                     yield Ok(Bytes::from(second_part));
                 },
                 ProgressUpdateData::PostSearchInfobox(infobox) => {
-                    third_part.push_str(&format!(
+                    third_part.push_str(&html! {
-                        r#"<div class="infobox postsearch-infobox">{infobox_html}{engines_html}</div>"#,
+                        div."infobox"."postsearch-infobox" {
-                        infobox_html = &infobox.html,
+                            (infobox.html)
-                        engines_html = render_engine_list(&[infobox.engine], &config)
+                            (render_engine_list(&[infobox.engine], &config))
-                    ));
+                        }
+                    }.into_string());
                 }
             }
         }
 
         if let Err(e) = search_future.await? {
-            let error_html = format!(
+            let error_html = html! {
-                r#"<h1>Error: {}</p>"#,
+                h1 {
-                encode_text(&e.to_string())
+                    "Error: "
-            );
+                    (e)
+                }
+            }.into_string();
             yield R::Ok(Bytes::from(error_html));
             return;
         };